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Abstract

Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS) require remote operators (ROs) who need to be trained in collision avoidance (CA) maneuvers. In order to develop a training system, this study investigated differences in the steering characteristics of expert and novice navigators such as the timing of the initial rudder operation, rudder angle at a relative bearing 0°, heading at the maximum rate of turn to starboard, and, heading at the closest point of approach. The experts exhibited relatively consistent and controlled steering patterns characterized by earlier rudder adjustments and smoother heading transitions while novices demonstrated delayed reactions and greater variability in heading changes. These results were used to develop guidelines for ROs to execute CA maneuvers safely and efficiently.

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